Appealing both to adolescents and ageing romantics, there is a fast-growing cult of Anne Boleyn, the Tudor queen, who was convicted of adultery, incest and treason, writes Howard Brenton
Every year on May 19, flowers are delivered to the Tower of London. Queen Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII’s second wife, was executed on that day in 1536. The flowers have been arriving for 40 years and no one knows who sends these. These are put on the floor of the small chapel of St Peter ad Vincula, beneath which Anne’s body — and head — are buried in a wooden chest, without a plaque or stone. All traces of her were then obliterated with a Stalinist ruthlessness: all pictures, but perhaps for one, all images of her crest of arms. Henry had his “H” and her “A” carved entwined on panels and embossments throughout Hampton Court. They were all removed — though one seems to have been missed out as it can be seen in the Great Hall high up to the right on the wooden screen.
Today there is a fast-growing Anne Boleyn cult. She appeals, both to adolescents and to ageing romantics. Her story has a Wagnerian intensity of love, death and betrayal, shot through with a very un-Wagnerian sense of reckless fun, of daring sexiness. But there is a deeper reason for the growing obsession with her. The flowers acknowledge an unease; we love her story but feel guilty toward her. I think I’ve understood why and it’s made me a paid-up cult member.
Anne was convicted of adultery, incest and treason. At her trial, she had been accused of being her brother’s mistress, of being a witch, of sleeping with a 100 men while married to the King. She had been Queen for three years. In the glow of her husband’s devotion, she was the most powerful woman in the kingdom, a force in her own right against whom no one dared speak openly. But when the protective veil of the King’s affections evaporated, she became “the concubine”, the great whore of her age.
It was the devil’s work that she could not give the King a male heir. Wild rumours spoke of her third miscarriage, delivering a foetus so distorted that the father must have been a succubus, a demon, even Old Nick himself. In the last days in the Tower, Anne went to pieces. But her wild spirit did not wholly desert her. From within her spinning hysteria, she joked, “I shall have a nickname: Queen Anne the headless”.
There are many interpretations to the tale of Anne Boleyn. Popular culture — as in the BBC series The Tudors — sees her as a bright, sexy girl, manoeuvred by an ambitious father and his friends into the King’s bed.
Historians disagree. David Starkey sees her as “a brutal and effective politician” who was, after all, able to bring down the King’s First Minister, Cardinal Wolsey — whom she hated, ironically, for blocking a possible betrothal when she was younger. Antonia Fraser, who is very much of the Catholic party of Henry’s first wife, the much put upon and infuriatingly correct Catherine of Aragon, sees Anne as a schemer and a poseur.
She accuses her of “religious chic”, always making sure she had a religious book in her hands when someone important came into the room. In her recent novel, Wolf Hall, Hilary Mantel gives us an extraordinary Anne, calculating yet instinctive, almost feral, a very dangerous woman indeed.
There is some truth, no doubt, in all these perceptions of her. Clearly she was formidable. When she was 13, she was sent abroad, first to Burgundy then to Paris as a lady-in-waiting to the French Queen. Both courts were notorious for political infighting; Anne observed and learnt. Her French became flawless; later, as favourite, then Queen, she made herself invaluable to Henry in the endless, convoluted negotiations with the French King.
By all accounts she was not a conventional beauty, but she seriously unnerved men. Perhaps it was a directness of gaze, a centred confidence, a charm without deference that bowled them over. She was also armed with a flashing and, at times, indiscreet wit and, when needed, a hell of a temper — she was, after all, the future mother of Elizabeth I.
When King Henry fell in love with her in 1526, she refused to sleep with him.
She kept him hooked but at bay for nearly seven years while negotiations with the Pope to secure an annulment of Henry’s marriage to Catherine foundered and then failed. The prurient court gossips speculated, month by month, how far up Anne’s thigh Henry was allowed to go. They finally slept together in Calais, a few weeks before they were married in great secrecy on the January 25, 1533. Anne quickly became pregnant.
The cruelty of the past can be thrown into sharp relief by present-day knowledge. Anne gave birth to a healthy child, Elizabeth, and then had three miscarriages.
Another historian, Alison Weir, argues that she was one of those rare women who are rhesus negative: when a man is rhesus positive and his partner negative, problems do not occur with the first child but they do with subsequent pregnancies. If Anne had given Henry and England a male heir, she would have been invulnerable. But she did not. Over Easter in 1536 Thomas Cromwell, the King’s Chief Minister and at one time Anne’s ally, decided to destroy her. It took him three weeks to launch a coup against her family and her faction, fix witnesses, rig a trial and have her dead.
So an attractive and ambitious woman gets to the centre of a dangerous maze of male power to find there is only one way out: her death. It is a tragic and highly dramatic scenario and, as far as it goes, true. But it is a modern reading. There was a whole other dimension to Anne.
She was religious. More: she was a Protestant, a reformer, and an admirer of William Tyndale. Tyndale’s name provoked fear and loathing among both Catholics and moderate Protestants. He was in hiding on the outskirts of Antwerp (he was betrayed and burnt alive in the same year as Anne’s execution). His vivid, egalitarian translation of the Bible was banned, but copies were smuggled into England. Anne had one. She may well have been directly in touch with Tyndale. She certainly got hold of his The Obedience of a Christian Man when it was published in 1528. This was an explosive book, a key text of the Reformation, attacking the Pope and the Church. An incensed Cardinal Wolsey confiscated it from one of Anne’s ladies-in-waiting. Anne went to the King and Wolsey was forced to return it. Anne marked up passages for Henry to read. He commented: “This book is for me and for all Kings to read”.
It is as if there was a Joan of Arc, driven by a religious vision, within the more familiar figure of Anne, the dazzling sexual predator. She even died for religious reasons: she discovered Cromwell was stealing huge sums from the dissolution of the monasteries, money meant for the establishment of universities and religious schools. He moved so quickly because he feared she would tell the King.
Anne was in love with Henry but also in love with the most dangerous ideas of her day. She conspired to make England Protestant forever. She could not know the future, of course. But she helped detonate a religious upheaval which culminated a century later in the Civil War, the breaking of divine royal power and the establishment of British Parliament.
I wrote the play to celebrate her life and her legacy as a great English woman, who helped change the course of our history.
— By arrangement with The Independent
